Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ATP is comprised of an adenine ring, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. ATP is often used for energy transfer in the cell.
ATP has many uses. It is used as a coenzyme , in glycolysis , for example. In a neutral solution, ATP has negatively charged groups that allow it to chelate metals. ATP is an unstable molecule which hydrolyzes to ADP and inorganic phosphate when it is in equilibrium with water. The high energy of this molecule comes from the two high-energy phosphate bonds. The bonds between phosphate molecules are called phosphoanhydride bonds. Breaking one phosphoanhydride bond releases 7.
ATP is the primary energy transporter for most energy-requiring reactions that occur in the cell. For example, it takes only a few seconds for half of the ATP molecules in a cell to be converted into ADP to be used in driving endergonic non-spontaneous reactions and then converted back into ATP using exergonic spontaneous reactions. ATP is useful in many cell processes such as glycolysis , photosynthesis , beta oxidation , anaerobic respiration , active transport across cell membranes as in the electron transport chain , and synthesis of macromolecules such as DNA.
If it takes 2. Often during cellular metabolic reactions, such as the synthesis and breakdown of nutrients, certain molecules must be altered slightly in their conformation to become substrates for the next step in the reaction series. One example is during the very first steps of cellular respiration, when a molecule of the sugar glucose is broken down in the process of glycolysis.
In the first step of this process, ATP is required for the phosphorylation of glucose, creating a high-energy but unstable intermediate. This phosphorylation reaction powers a conformational change that allows the phosphorylated glucose molecule to be converted to the phosphorylated sugar fructose.
Fructose is a necessary intermediate for glycolysis to move forward. Here, the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is coupled with the endergonic reaction of converting glucose into a phosphorylated intermediate in the pathway. Once again, the energy released by breaking a phosphate bond within ATP was used for the phosphorylation of another molecule, creating an unstable intermediate and powering an important conformational change.
See an interactive animation of the ATP-producing glycolysis process at this site. ATP is the primary energy-supplying molecule for living cells. ATP is made up of a nucleotide, a five-carbon sugar, and three phosphate groups. The bonds that connect the phosphates phosphoanhydride bonds have high-energy content. ATP donates its phosphate group to another molecule via a process known as phosphorylation.
The phosphorylated molecule is at a higher-energy state and is less stable than its unphosphorylated form, and this added energy from the addition of the phosphate allows the molecule to undergo its endergonic reaction.
Skip to main content. Energy and metabolism. Search for:. Oxidation corresponds to a loss of hydride and reduction to the gaining of hydride. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate contains high energy bonds located between each phosphate group. These bonds are known as phosphoric anhydride bonds. ADP Adenosine Diphosphate also contains high energy bonds located between each phosphate group. It has the same structure as ATP, with one less phosphate group. It is strong enough to oxidize alcohol groups to carbonyl groups, while other electron acceptors like [FAD] are only able to oxidize saturated carbon chains from alkanes to alkenes.
It is an important molecule in many metabolic processes like beta-oxidation, glycolysis , and TCA cycle.
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