The amendment was also in response to the Black Codes that Southern states had passed in the wake of the abolishment of slavery. These Black Codes attempted to return former slaves to something like their former condition by, among other things, restricting their movement, forcing them to enter into year-long labor contracts, prohibiting them from owning firearms, and by preventing them from suing or testifying in court.
The Fifteenth Amendment to the U. In the final years of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction that followed, Congress repeatedly debated the rights of the millions of black former slaves. By , amendments had been passed to abolish slavery and provide citizenship and equal protection under the laws, but the election of Ulysses S.
After rejecting more sweeping versions of a suffrage amendment, Congress proposed a compromise amendment banning franchise restrictions on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude on February 26, The amendment survived a difficult ratification fight and was adopted on March 30, Supreme Court decisions in the late nineteenth century interpreted the amendment narrowly.
From to , most black voters in the South were effectively disenfranchised by new state constitutions and state laws incorporating such obstacles as poll taxes and discriminatory literacy tests, from which white voters were exempted by grandfather clauses. A system of whites-only primaries and violent intimidation by white groups also suppressed black participation. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Reconstruction: — Search for:. The Battle Over Reconstruction. Lincoln pocket vetoed this bill.
It was the largest federal aid relief plan at the time, and it was the first large-scale governmental welfare program. President Johnson proved to be an obstacle to the Radical Republicans in Congress, who attempted to completely overhaul the Southern government and economy. In , Johnson vetoed two important bills by Congress; in response, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of and the Fourteenth Amendment, granting African Americans full citizenship.
Key Terms 10 percent plan : A model for reinstatement of Southern states, offered by Abraham Lincoln in December , that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation.
The next step in the process would be for the states to formally elect a state government. Also, a state legislature could write a new constitution, but it also had to abolish slavery forever. At that time, Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government. Radical Reconstruction : A congressional plan for postwar recovery that imposed harsh standards on the Southern states and supported newly freed slaves freedmen in their pursuit of political, economic, and social opportunities.
During this era, Congress passed three constitutional amendments that protected the rights of freedmen. They lowered the status of freedmen. The Confiscation Acts were passed by Congress in and They allowed for the confiscation of land owned by Confederates, and for this land to be redistributed to freedmen. Johnson ordered that the land be given back to the pardoned owners instead.
The Civil Rights Act of gave freedmen full legal equality, with the exception of the right to vote. It was vetoed by Johnson, but his veto was overridden by Congress. The Joint Committee on Reconstruction was a member panel created to devise Reconstruction requirements for Southern states to be restored to the Union. The Fourteenth Amendment was designed to put the key provisions of the Civil Rights Act into the Constitution, but it went much further. It extended citizenship to everyone born in the United States except visitors and American Indians.
It penalized states that did not give the vote to freedmen and created new federal civil rights that could be protected by federal courts. Key Terms black codes : Laws passed after the Civil War that limited the basic human rights and civil liberties of blacks. Andrew Johnson : The seventeenth president of the United States. He was eventually impeached ostensibly for violating the Tenure of Office Act and was acquitted by one vote.
Lyman Trumbull : A U. Andrew Johnson : President Andrew Johnson. The Thirteenth Amendment, ratified on December 6, , abolished slavery in the United States, extending the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation. The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified February 3, , gave suffrage to black males. Black Codes were laws the Southern states had passed in the wake of the abolishment of slavery.
They attempted to return former slaves to a subservient legal and political status. Key Terms black codes : The Black Codes were laws in the United States after the Civil War that limited the civil rights and civil liberties of black people. Civil Rights Act : A U. The Fourteenth Amendment : A constitutional amendment that provided the basis for equal protection under the law for all citizens, including newly freed slaves. The Fifteenth Amendment : A constitutional amendment that gave suffrage to male freedmen.
Licenses and Attributions. CC licensed content, Shared previously. In addition, the plan called for granting amnesty and returning people's property if they pledged to be loyal to the United States. The Confederate states would be required to uphold the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery; swear loyalty to the Union; and pay off their war debt. Then they could re-write their state constitutions, hold elections, and begin sending representatives to Washington. Under the plan, Confederate leaders would have to apply directly to President Johnson in order to request pardon.
Johnson issued over 13, pardons during his administration, and he passed several amnesty proclamations. The last one, issued Christmas Day , granted sweeping pardons to former Confederates, including former Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Andrew Johnson and Congress were unable to agree on a plan for restoring the ravaged country following the Civil War. There was a marked difference between Congressional Reconstruction - outlined in the first , second, and third Military Reconstruction Acts - and Andrew Johnson's plan for Presidential Restoration North Carolina's plan shown here.
In the midst of it all was the human aspect. The Bureau supervised relief and educational activities for refugees and freedmen, including issuance of food, clothing, and medicine.
The Bureau also assumed custody of confiscated lands or property in the former Confederate States, border states, District of Columbia, and Indian Territory. Backlash occurred in the South in the form of the Black Codes. Passed in and in Southern states after the Civil War, these Codes severely restricted the new-found freedoms of the formerly enslaved people, and it forced them to work for low or no wages.
Crippling poverty, vast wealth, rampant rumors, fear of insurrection on all levels, assassination, trials - this was the country that all three branches of the Federal government inherited after the war.
The Congressional Plan of Reconstruction was ultimately adopted, and it did not officially end until , when Union troops were pulled out of the South. This withdrawal caused a reversal of many of the tenuous advances made in equality, and many of the issues surrounding Reconstruction are still a part of society today.
Press ESC to cancel. Skip to content Home Sociology What was the key difference between the Lincoln and Johnson plans for reconstruction? Ben Davis November 20, What was the key difference between the Lincoln and Johnson plans for reconstruction? What were the key features of Congress reconstruction plan?
What was the goal of reconstruction? What were the five major pieces of legislation passed during Reconstruction? Who were the leaders of the Civil War and Reconstruction?
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